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Docker Compose

Docker Compose 是用于定义和运行多容器 Docker 应用的工具，通过 YAML 文件配置应用服务。

安装

Docker Desktop 已内置 Docker Compose。

Linux 独立安装

sudo curl -L "https://github.com/docker/compose/releases/latest/download/docker-compose-$(uname -s)-$(uname -m)" -o /usr/local/bin/docker-compose
sudo chmod +x /usr/local/bin/docker-compose

# 验证安装
docker-compose --version

基本命令

# 启动服务
docker-compose up -d

# 停止服务
docker-compose down

# 查看服务状态
docker-compose ps

# 查看日志
docker-compose logs -f

# 重启服务
docker-compose restart

# 构建镜像
docker-compose build

# 执行命令
docker-compose exec service_name bash

docker-compose.yml 语法

基本结构

version: '3.8'

services:
  web:
    image: nginx:alpine
    ports:
      - "80:80"
    volumes:
      - ./html:/usr/share/nginx/html
    restart: always

  db:
    image: mysql:8.0
    environment:
      MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: password
    volumes:
      - db_data:/var/lib/mysql

volumes:
  db_data:

常用配置项

  • image: 使用的镜像
  • build: 构建配置
  • ports: 端口映射
  • volumes: 数据卷挂载
  • environment: 环境变量
  • depends_on: 依赖关系
  • networks: 网络配置
  • restart: 重启策略
  • command: 覆盖默认命令

常用服务配置

MySQL

version: '3.8'

services:
  mysql:
    image: mysql:8.0
    container_name: mysql
    restart: always
    ports:
      - "3306:3306"
    environment:
      MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: root_password
      MYSQL_DATABASE: mydb
      MYSQL_USER: user
      MYSQL_PASSWORD: password
      TZ: Asia/Shanghai
    volumes:
      - mysql_data:/var/lib/mysql
      - ./mysql/conf:/etc/mysql/conf.d
      - ./mysql/init:/docker-entrypoint-initdb.d
    command:
      - --character-set-server=utf8mb4
      - --collation-server=utf8mb4_unicode_ci
      - --default-authentication-plugin=mysql_native_password

volumes:
  mysql_data:

Redis

version: '3.8'

services:
  redis:
    image: redis:7-alpine
    container_name: redis
    restart: always
    ports:
      - "6379:6379"
    volumes:
      - redis_data:/data
      - ./redis/redis.conf:/usr/local/etc/redis/redis.conf
    command: redis-server /usr/local/etc/redis/redis.conf --appendonly yes
    environment:
      TZ: Asia/Shanghai

volumes:
  redis_data:

PostgreSQL

version: '3.8'

services:
  postgres:
    image: postgres:16-alpine
    container_name: postgres
    restart: always
    ports:
      - "5432:5432"
    environment:
      POSTGRES_USER: postgres
      POSTGRES_PASSWORD: password
      POSTGRES_DB: mydb
      PGDATA: /var/lib/postgresql/data/pgdata
      TZ: Asia/Shanghai
    volumes:
      - postgres_data:/var/lib/postgresql/data

volumes:
  postgres_data:

MongoDB

version: '3.8'

services:
  mongo:
    image: mongo:7
    container_name: mongodb
    restart: always
    ports:
      - "27017:27017"
    environment:
      MONGO_INITDB_ROOT_USERNAME: admin
      MONGO_INITDB_ROOT_PASSWORD: password
      TZ: Asia/Shanghai
    volumes:
      - mongo_data:/data/db

volumes:
  mongo_data:

Nginx

version: '3.8'

services:
  nginx:
    image: nginx:alpine
    container_name: nginx
    restart: always
    ports:
      - "80:80"
      - "443:443"
    volumes:
      - ./nginx/nginx.conf:/etc/nginx/nginx.conf
      - ./nginx/conf.d:/etc/nginx/conf.d
      - ./html:/usr/share/nginx/html
      - ./nginx/logs:/var/log/nginx
      - ./nginx/ssl:/etc/nginx/ssl

Open WebUI

version: '3.8'

services:
  open-webui:
    image: ghcr.io/open-webui/open-webui:main
    container_name: open-webui
    restart: always
    ports:
      - "3000:8080"
    environment:
      OLLAMA_BASE_URL: http://host.docker.internal:11434
      WEBUI_SECRET_KEY: your-secret-key
    volumes:
      - open-webui:/app/backend/data
    extra_hosts:
      - "host.docker.internal:host-gateway"

volumes:
  open-webui:

完整 Web 应用栈

version: '3.8'

services:
  nginx:
    image: nginx:alpine
    ports:
      - "80:80"
    volumes:
      - ./nginx.conf:/etc/nginx/nginx.conf
    depends_on:
      - web
    networks:
      - webnet

  web:
    build: .
    environment:
      DATABASE_URL: postgres://user:password@db:5432/mydb
      REDIS_URL: redis://redis:6379
    depends_on:
      - db
      - redis
    networks:
      - webnet

  db:
    image: postgres:16-alpine
    environment:
      POSTGRES_USER: user
      POSTGRES_PASSWORD: password
      POSTGRES_DB: mydb
    volumes:
      - postgres_data:/var/lib/postgresql/data
    networks:
      - webnet

  redis:
    image: redis:alpine
    volumes:
      - redis_data:/data
    networks:
      - webnet

networks:
  webnet:

volumes:
  postgres_data:
  redis_data:

环境变量文件

创建 .env 文件：

MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=root_password
MYSQL_DATABASE=mydb
REDIS_PASSWORD=redis_password

在 docker-compose.yml 中使用：

services:
  mysql:
    environment:
      MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: ${MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD}
      MYSQL_DATABASE: ${MYSQL_DATABASE}

实用技巧

查看服务日志

# 查看所有服务日志
docker-compose logs -f

# 查看特定服务日志
docker-compose logs -f web

# 查看最后100行
docker-compose logs --tail=100 web

扩展服务

# 启动3个web服务实例
docker-compose up -d --scale web=3

只重建特定服务

docker-compose up -d --build web

清理资源

# 停止并删除容器、网络
docker-compose down

# 同时删除数据卷
docker-compose down -v

# 同时删除镜像
docker-compose down --rmi all

最佳实践

  1. 使用 .env 文件管理敏感信息
  2. 使用命名卷持久化数据
  3. 定义网络隔离服务
  4. 设置 restart: always 保证服务可用
  5. 使用 depends_on 声明依赖关系
  6. 添加健康检查 health check
  7. 限制资源使用 deploy.resources

参考资源